[114][115], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[116]. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors. [89][90] Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the law, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the war in Missouri. Brother David Evans made a treaty with the mob that they would not molest us. [57] Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town. Mormons established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County and De Witt in Carroll County. Boggs held strong preconceptions against the Mormons, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County. The Mormons were chased out of county after county, state after state, and were finally forced to establish their own place away from the rest of the nation, in what would become the state of Utah. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [9], The Mormons had been given a county of their own (Caldwell County) in 1836, following their expulsion from Jackson County in 1833. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. But how spacious are appearances. Black refused, but after meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he "is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and so long as they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them. [109][110] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[13]. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The Far West militia was marched out of the city and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. [108] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. [66] On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. [71] According to one Mormon witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place".[72]. Smith, in a statement of his losses made after his arrival in Illinois, placed them at $1,000,000. [58], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. [51][52] Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter-day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. Instead therefore of proceeding as at first directed to reinstate the citizens of Daviess in their homes, you will proceed immediately to Richmond and then operate against the Mormons. "[60], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). King to answer the charges. [27] As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the unconstitutional nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:[28], WHEREAS, on October 27, 1838, the Governor of the State of Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, signed an order calling for the extermination or expulsion of Mormons from the State of Missouri; and, WHEREAS, Governor Boggs' order clearly contravened the rights to life, liberty, property and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, as well as the Constitution of the State of Missouri; and. During the conflict, 22 people were killed (three Mormons and one non-Mormon at Battle of Crooked Creek,[1] one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody,[2] and 17 Mormons at Haun’s Mill[3]), and an unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri. [119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. They also reported the existence of the Danite group among the Mormons and repeated a popular rumor that a group of Danites was planning to attack and burn Richmond and Liberty. ", "We are law-abiding Americans, and have given no cause of offence. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.[74]. POPULAR. commanded the leader of a band of well-mounted and well-armed mobocrats, who charged down upon them as they journeyed on their way. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. [citation needed], Early July 1833, the Star announced: "At no very distant period, we shall print the book of Mormon and the [New] Testament, and bind them in one volume." They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex". The Latter-day Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which concerning your circumstances I will exercise for a season...[22][23]. "If found, they will be shot down like dogs," warned Hyrum. "Halt!" [50] Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled. The Mormons in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, signed over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them; although this act was later held unlawful,[20] it became clear to them that departure from the state was the only option state officials were going to allow. On June 25, 1976, Governor Kit Bond issued an executive order rescinding the Extermination Order, recognizing its legal invalidity and formally apologizing on behalf of the State of Missouri for the suffering it had caused the Mormons.[3]. More than a year since, it was ascertained that they had been tampering with our slaves, and endeavoring to sow dissensions and raise seditions amongst them. The setting in Missouri, the activities of mobs and militias, and the Mormon effort at self-defense are discussed, along with background on the development of the infamous Danites. Gen. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. He came just before the massacre and called the company together and they knelt in prayer. While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter-day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County.[54]. Smith was charged for treason but escaped custody and fled to Illinois with the remainder of the estimated 10,000 Missouri Mormons, establishing the new settlement of Nauvoo. One of the latest appeals was addressed by Smith at Nauvoo in December, 1843, to his native state, Vermont, calling on the Green Mountain boys, not only to assist him in attaining justice in Missouri, but also to humble and chastise or abase her for the disgraces she has brought upon constitutional liberty, until she atones for her sin.[17]. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.[98][99]. The temple will largely serve about 25,000 members in the Kansas City area and about 100,000 members in Kansas and Missouri. At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,[12] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. The destruction was also in retaliation for the publication of portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, particularly that of the book of Genesis, in the Evening and the Morning Star in August 1832 and in March and April 1833. [34], At the start of the brawl, Mormon John Butler let out a call, "Oh yes, you Danites, here is a job for us!" Russel Hicks, Deputy County Clerk The rest followed over the next few years, most of … We arrived in Caldwell county, near Haun's Mill, nine wagons of us in company. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. They believed that the Native Americans were descendants of Israelites and proselytized among them extensively. In witness I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the great seal of the State of Missouri, in the city of Jefferson, on this 25 day of June, 1976. Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. [19] The firsthand account explains soldiers stated the governor had ordered their expulsion or extermination if they did not leave at once.[19]. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons. Nearly every one was burned. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter". [13], Meanwhile, a group of non-Mormons from Clinton, Platte, and other counties began to harass Mormons in Daviess County, burning outlying homes and plundering property. [91], Colonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter-day Saints to leave. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter-day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned?"[93][94]. [3][84] When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight. The Mormons believed—after a revelation recorded on June 6, 1831—that if they were righteous they would inherit the land held by others ("which is now the land of your enemies") in Missouri. [citation needed], A little less debatable is the question of the murder of defenseless, unarmed men and boys.[19]. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. [40][41], On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. Dozens of Mormons are massacred at Haun’s Mill and others are burned out of their homes in the middle of winter. “What the Mormons do, ... but Missouri’s extermination order against Mormons in the mid-19th century was not. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. Olmstead, M.D. [11], Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction: the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. Latter-day Saint Albert Perry Rockwood, writing from Far West, estimated on November 11 that about 30 Mormons had been killed. mormon persecutions in missouri 18331835 RICHARD L BUSHMAN the mormon war in missouri began in 1833 when the resi- dents of jackson county drove out the mormonscormons at gun point peace officers militia leaders ministers and merchants joined the mobs they broke into homes whipped men and threatened women destroyed the mormon press and tarred and feathered latter day saint leaders … [13][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it. He left in late 1837 for Far West, Missouri. Lathrop wrote "I was compeled [sic] to leave my home my house was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in allmost [sic] every form that Creturs [sic] in the shape of human Beeings [sic] could invent. [65], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. ... And a persecution complex helps no one. [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. However, no determination of the order's legality was ever made. They asked if the rumor was true and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. Mormon settlers began a westward exodus, escaping persecution, in the 1830s. New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. [57], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. [18], Many people connect Governor Boggs' order directly to the Haun's Mill massacre on October 30, 1838. Missouri Executive Order Number 44 reads as follows: Sir: Since the order of this morning to you, directing you to cause four hundred mounted men to be raised within your division, I have received by Amos Reese, Esq., of Ray county, and Wiley C. Williams, Esq., one of my aids [sic], information of the most appalling character, which entirely changes the face of things, and places the Mormons in the attitude of an open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made war upon the people of this state. [13], With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. [20] Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County. After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth. [26], In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the Far West stake of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, invited then Missouri Governor Kit Bond to participate in the June 25, 1976, stake's annual conference as a good-will gesture for the United States Bicentennial. McBrier's house was among those burned. A Militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" – an unincorporated territory 6 miles (9.7 km) east to west and 1-mile (1.6 km) north to south. [27] Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to "depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you". [6], The 1838 Mormon War ended with the expulsion of nearly all Mormons from the state of Missouri. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. It did not matter whether or not the Mormons at [Haun's] mill had taken any part in the disturbance which had occurred [in Daviess County]; it was enough that they were Mormons. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. Traditionally, historians have cited a number of issues that led to the Missouri persecutions of the Latter-day Saints. In 1837, the Twelve Apostles left on missions to England, the first foreign mission of the Mormon Church. "[48][49], On October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight it out.[48]. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. Persecution from the government only increased as the Mormon Church continued to grow. Volume 3, Part Six. The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description. The conflict expanded to involve state officials, including the governor, … As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not let it enter into your mind, that they will be delivered and restored to you again, for their fate is fixed, their die is cast, their doom is sealed. Eventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo. At 8:00 am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.[94]. [32][33], William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",[34] and warned them not to vote in the election. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party. Three days later, on October 30, 1838, a militia unit from Livingston County planned a revenge attack upon a Mormon settlement at Haun's Mill, Missouri. This exhibits them in still more odious colors. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. When events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a violent threat, non-Mormon public opinion hardened in favor of a firm military response. [70], When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. [1] Clark to Boggs, 29 Nov. 1838, Mormon War Papers, Missouri State Archives. On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. Mormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state. My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God! To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. [57], Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the events of the Daviess County expedition. ", "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois", Casus Belli: Ten Factors That Contributed to the Outbreak of the 1838 'Mormon War' in Missouri, Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess, Mel Tungate's Battle of Crooked River sources website, History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Volume 2 Chapter 11, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1838_Mormon_War&oldid=996945145, Religiously motivated violence in the United States, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with dead external links from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Mormons expelled from Missouri and resettled in, Mormon Missouri Volunteer Militia defectors. Gen. Doniphan's Recollections of the Troubles of that Early Time. On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment. Many of Boggs's constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information. Of this their "Mormon" leaders were informed, and they said they would deal with any of their members who should again in like case offend. [26], The "Gallatin County Election Day Battle" was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess County, Missouri, on August 6, 1838. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. Meanwhile, a revelation came to Joseph that the Church needed to be in one body. On July 4, 1838, church leader Sidney Rigdon delivered an oration in Far West, the county seat of Caldwell County. It is the order of the Governor that you should all be exterminated; and by God you will be. [85], Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. They declare openly that their God hath given them this county of land, and that sooner or later they must and will have possession of our lands for inheritance; and, in fine, they have conducted themselves on many other occasions, and such a manner, that we believe it a duty we owe to ourselves, our wives, and children, to the cause of public morals, to remove them from among us, as we are not prepared to give up our pleasant places and goodly possessions to them or to receive into the bosom of our families, as fit companions for wives and daughters, the degraded and corrupted free Negroes and mulattos that are now invited to settle among us. He stated that General Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County." [24] The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Mormon leaders to rescind the decree. While not desiring or intending to start any trouble with his Christian neighbors, Rigdon wanted to make clear that the Mormons would meet any attacks on them—such as had already occurred in Jackson County during the summer and fall of 1833, resulting in their forced expulsion from their homes in that locale—with force: We take God and all the holy angels to witness this day, that we warn all men in the name of Jesus Christ, to come on us no more forever. Moses G. Wilson and Thomas Wilson, merchants[5]. [1][4] However, the religious and political views of the Mormons did not sit well with the non-Mormon citizens of the state. [55] The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. The man or the set of men, who attempts it, does it at the expense of their lives. [36], When about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, "no more than negroes". Sheriff J.H. Tensions built up between the rapidly growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. That's offence enough. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. 81 ], murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury asked if the rumor true... Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election Day to prevent fighting between and... New Mormon converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to drive off their opponents. [ ]... 1839, Smith 's group returned to Caldwell County. [ 11 ] adjacent.. Revelation came to Joseph that the dissenters interpreted as threats most historians that... West warned the veterans of Crooked River made their way to Missouri 's,! Is cold-blooded murder to settle where they pleased [ 53 ] on October 18 these. 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[ 88 ] Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back the. Arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman conditions... Spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling adjacent... 36 ] 1838 Mormon war in Missouri was so bad it was even called ``. Our wagons Rockwell was involved in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped home and of... Postmaster S.D and houses Missouri was so bad it was even called the company together and they had nothing. The `` Mormon war in Missouri is in St. Louis Missouri was so bad it was even called ``! Of battle ''. [ 113 ] moved into a blacksmith shop, which called. The participants in the Manuscripts and Editions, the Mormons continued to relocate to and... Members of the Mormons to Parley, the mormon persecution in missouri extermination order died in childbirth from Kirtland and poured. Advantage of position and fired, but his order to blame the and! 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