Active learning. They were challenging, thought-provoking, and frustrating experiences. After the exercise, explain why you had them engage in the activity. More About the Playground You return to the opening screen for the playground and check out four other types of web-based games: TIC TAC. You were also playing with the environment, transforming it, as a matter of fact, into a baseball field that would exist only as long as you were playing in it— creating your tools of play out of found objects that you could whisk away when supper was ready. It helps personalize the government’s youth development policies and frameworks. Some other needs assessment improv games include: Experts: An improvised version of a simple talk show format, in which one participant plays the host and another a guest “expert.” As a needs analysis game, it can be fun to have the expert be from the future, discussing both the current state and what happened later. Contrary to popular practices, effective design asks this question when it is almost obvious (with the information you have gained from questions 1 through 4). One of the more challenging aspects of turning stories into role plays is knowing when to freeze the role play to point out learning, obtain suggestions from the group, or allow the group to process what is occurring. A story can stimulate and revitalize a group. Be aware that detailed-oriented people may become slightly frustrated by your lack of clear and precise directions. Ecclesiastes Ch 11:2, Divide your portion to seven, or even to eight, for you do not know what misfortune may occur on the earth. The challenge you can provide is to have them use a rule they learned a while back without any reminders from you. Have set members agreed to processes and norms relative to air space, asking questions, and reflection? It provides participants with a practical framework for planning and implementing their own change initiatives. It requires guts, courage, authenticity, and an ability to think on your feet. Islands of healing: A guide to adventure-based counseling. Each will default to a natural or comfortable way of doing this. He looks to his own vast experience to document and help organizers through all the stages of a unionization campaign, from how to get it off the ground to how to bring it home with a signed contract and a strong bargaining unit.) We shouldn’t kid ourselves. Lakoff, G. (1987). The company’s situation was not dissimilar to the majority of organizations on the cusp of a major change initiative. But they’re only as good as the facilitation that is conducted during or immediately after the program. The groups that spent a bit more time assessing resources, increasing familiarity, initially defining the goals and roles—all forming tasks—were usually significantly more likely to achieve satisfying results. (Pfeiffer, 2006), PeopleSmart (BerrettKoehler, 2000), Working PeopleSmart (Berrett-Koehler, 2004), 101 Ways to Make Training Active (2nd ed.) Experiential learning invites the unexpected. On one is written: “You have a headache today, and are finding it hard to track.” On another: “Just before the meeting, you received a phone call that your best friend from school was in an accident and is going into emergency surgery.” The point is to go beyond the behavior into the underlying reason for the behavior, and give them a reason to behave in a way that will disrupt the meeting. In some cases, the frontend cost may still be high, but it pays off in the long run. The debriefing questions should examine three key areas: What happened, why it happened, and how it applies to the real world. It is somewhat central to the playability of the game that the bag is larger than the bubbleball. Surprisingly, innocuous information can be as useful as deep, dark secrets. (2001). Too much autonomy for participants and laissez-faire on your part, and they may wallow in ignorance, misconception, and chaos. You make yourself generally available to assist in any aspect of the design of the hole and the golf-like equipment so that teams can design it basically any old way they want. And you must be prepared to modify the simulation when necessary. – 1941, Int’l Alliance of Bill Posters, Billers & Distributors of the United States & Canada surrenders its AFL-CIO charter and is disbanded – 1971, In the nation’s first general strike for a 10-hour day, 300 armed Irish longshoremen marched through the streets of Philadelphia calling on other workers to join them. rapid pace, change, technology, global competition, time pressures with ambiguous information, shifting market share, limited resources, and doing more with less. The third debriefing focuses in on each individual participant’s performance, with the emphasis on behavioral feedback. The purpose of the exercise is to increase people’s personal awareness about their satisfaction with their lives right now, as well as to take stock of where they are headed given how they are living. Encourage them to consider how they would use their learning or apply it to various aspects of their lives. This synergy says why our learning experiences should be engaging to be most effective. Foundations in learning research. McCall, M., & Lombardo, M. (1978). And they must have an hour’s instruction in the Christian Religion every Sunday and not be required to sleep more than two in a bed – 1802 (Kids at Work: Your heart will be broken by this exceptional book’s photographs of children at backbreaking, often life-threatening work, and the accompanying commentary by author Russell Freedman. LaSalle, IL: Open Court. You can choose to modify an existing activity in order to present it in a different format that better suits your needs; you might borrow basic structures from non-instructional games and activities; or you can start from scratch. It can be used for introducing general intercultural awareness, for exploring reasons for cross-cultural differences, or for surfacing Learning Games 127 individuals’ bias or prejudice. In my experience, leaders (and team members) tend to think that all teams should be like basketball teams. Ten died, including seven agents – 1920, The Steel Workers Organizing Committee, formed by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, formally becomes the United Steelworkers of America – 1942, A total of 31 dockworkers are killed, 350 workers and others are injured when four barges carrying 467 tons of ammunition blow up at South Amboy, N.J. (2000). I resisted but after a lot of cajoling I agreed to go. CATEGORIZE. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. The key is that the relationship matters and they care enough to give some unpleasant information. You are liable to be eaten by a grue,” an appropriate response might be “Turn on lantern.” The game would pick up on the key words or phrases, such as “turn on” and “lantern,” and would take you to the next branch of the story: “Ah, you escaped narrowly and get to move forward through the cellar into the tunnel.” Or, if you input the wrong information for that particular narrative or situation: “We’re sorry; you have been eaten by a grue.” This example may seem not to have much bearing on the current professional environment. A ski instructor can recharge a lesson halfway down the slope. Similarly, we do not stop thinking and reflecting while Dynamic Debriefing 69 taking part in a training exercise. Improv has become a recognized and respected technique for enhancing creativity, communication, and teamwork within many leading-edge organizations. As trainers, when we support the deliberate telling and creating of stories, we support learning. This is how I would brief a Turntable discussion about teamwork: “When you are sitting in this semicircle you have a positive view about your performance and progress as a team; but when you are sitting in the opposite seats, you may only express negative views about (for example) performance problems and slow progress as a team. At a very basic level, this experimentation can take the form of a personal commitment to practice a new behavior, for example, communicating more positively with co-workers by saying “yes and” instead of the more common “yes but.” Employees can engage in simple action learning projects and assess their successful compliance themselves. In response, Myers met with other African-American laborers to form what became the Colored National Labor Union. Ending the Role Play As with any activity, the role play is not truly over until a debriefing has occurred. This approach gives you the most control over the script, so the dramatic tension you want to create is easily obtainable. 7. Upon completion of the course each of the miners was prepared and able to render first aid. Memory and Cognition, 19(6), 543–557. The agreements consideration can be debriefed in an exercise for awareness purposes, but in order to make a real difference more is required. Whether a manager is communicating the benefits of change for a specific employee audience, delivering bad news, or confronting managers who undercut needed change, the change management soft skills required are those best learned through experience. They placed the bomb in an alley next to the building, set to detonate when they thought the building would be empty; it went off early, and an unanticipated gas explosion and fire did the real damage, killing twenty people. As a tool of reflective practice, it is both memorable and flexible. He ran for president from a jail cell in 1920 and got a million votes – 1926, Hollywood came under scrutiny as the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) opened hearings into alleged Communist influence within the motion picture industry. The incident is still identified as “Hollywood Black Friday” and “The Battle of Burbank” – 1945, The UAW ends a 3-week strike against Ford Motor Co. when the company agrees to a contract that includes more vacation days and better retirement and unemployment benefits – 1976, Polish Solidarity union founder Lech Walesa wins the Nobel Peace Prize – 1983, Some 2,100 supermarket janitors in California, mostly from Mexico, win a $22.4 million settlement over unpaid overtime. Course in general linguistics. THE EXPERIENCECHANGE SEVEN-STAGE MODEL PLAN AT MANAGEMENT LEVEL IMPLEMENT ACROSS COMPANY 1 2 3 Understand Enlist Envisage 4 Motivate Understand the need for change. Mike also serves as president of the World Institute for Action Learning. Rather, it is an attempt to figure out the best way to deal with people instead of writing them off or being angry with them. Observing Practicing mindfulness to become aware of the stories implicit in others’ words and actions. Training complex cognitive skills: A four-component instructional design model for technical training. They also are straightforward with their wishes. (1991). Moreover, the company’s financial statements tell the business story: Interface is “doing well by doing good.” And yet, had Interface been like most organizations, this new strategy would have died long before it gained traction. Again, this is in line with Bruner’s ideas, in that narrative is a frame for reality in its implicit normativeness. Len’s second assignment was the Magic Three. News of the confrontation spread and a riot ensued, leaving at least 100, perhaps several hundred, Blacks dead and 67 indicted for inciting violence – 1919, Cesar Chavez, with Dolores Huerta, co-founds the National Farm Workers Association, which later was to become the United Farm Workers of America – 1962, Seventy-five workers die in explosion at Allegheny Arsenal, Pittsburgh, Pa. – 1862, At a New York convention of the National Labor Congress, Susan B. Anthony calls for the formation of a Working Women’s Association. When designing or choosing an experiential exercise, intercultural trainers need to take into account the personal and cultural backgrounds of the trainees as well as their ages, educational levels, learning styles, cognitive styles, and communication styles. Included: the adoption of overtime pay, the 40-hour work week, and a big pay hike – 1937, The federal minimum wage increases to $1 per hour – 1956, More than 6,000 drivers strike Greyhound Lines, most lose jobs to strikebreakers after company declares “impasse” in negotiations – 1990, Birth date in Coshocton, Ohio, of William Green, a coal miner who was to succeed Samuel Gompers as president of the American Federation of Labor, serving in the role from 1924 to 1952. Of team development and learning? Since the original offering, our clients have successfully continued to use the integrated simulation format with several batches of new learners. From here we arrive at the dual acceptation of embodied cognition, which refers, on one hand, to the grounding of cognitive processes in the brain’s neuroanatomical substratum, and on the other, to the derivation of cognitive processes from the organism’s sensorimotor experiences.” (Garbarini & Adenzato, 2004, p. 101) What appears to be essential in these arguments is the concept of context and the claim that cognition and learning are inextricably linked to context. This is the emotional reaction to change. Based on the feedback from the participants and your own observations, you may need to make some revisions before you have your final product. London: Kogan Page. Although this isn’t unique, what is quite different is his approach. A French naval officer in the early 1900s, Hébert developed his own method of physical education, apparatus, and principles to train in what he called the “natural method,” which included the development of physical, moral, and “virile” qualities in an outdoor environment. If you fail, you can return to the library and study some more before taking the test again. a giant buffet.” “Yes, and . – 1914, The Holland Tunnel opens, running under the Hudson River for 1.6 miles and connecting the island of Manhattan in New York City with Jersey City, N.J. Thirteen workers died over its 7-year-long construction – 1927, GM workers’ post-war strike for higher wages closes 96 plants – 1945, Striking typesetters at the Green Bay, Wisc., Press Gazette start a competing newspaper, The Green Bay Daily News. But remember that the S&P 500's average return of 10% includes those down years. It’s a process of self-questioning that is easy to learn and dovetails with the experiential learning cycle. Imagine thinking you are teaching one group of participants when really you are educating someone totally different. Bruner, J. Most fieldbooks are companions to another, sometimes earlier, work, from which its ideas are derived; the fieldbook makes practical what was theoretical in the original text. 4. Tools can be introduced into a live simulation that represents the ones they’d see in the performance context, and they can be developed to support the overall simulation. Encourage mutual learning among team members during the initial stages of the training session. Who’s in the minority? Participants are given eyeglasses smeared with Vaseline®, dried peas to put in their shoes, cotton for their ears, and latex gloves for their hands. She went on to organize the Bookkeepers, Stenographers and Accountants Union in New York, and to organize and lead the city’s 1909-1910 Shirtwaist Strike. What must be communicated in the simulation’s pre-briefing? What feelings did they have during the experience? The right answer, of course, is necessary, but how about the wrong answers? . Some 5,000 strikers fought 1,000 police, scabs and national guardsmen. Baggyball, you see, is played very much like basketball, except for the following distinctions: 1. She tended to play it safe and never worked as an innovator of the services. On July 15, 250 Italian immigrants stopped scabbing on the railroad and joined the union – 1882, Mary Harris “Mother” Jones begins “The March of the Mill Children,” when, accompanied part of the way by children, she walked from Philadelphia to President Theodore Roosevelt’s home on Long Island to protest the plight of child laborers. In 1919, three years before her death, she was arrested for wearing pants in public, the first woman in Puerto Rico to do so. It helps facilitators decide whether key decisions about facilitation should be made with or without consulting the group, or whether they should be left to the group to decide. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Learners incorporate these elements to reflect on the experience, come up with useful insights, and share them with each other. They take turns speaking (although not in any predetermined order), each saying a few sentences at a time. Where computer-based simulations can be effective in building interpersonal skills is by teaching a process or approach. There are twenty engineers, differing widely in age and experience with the company. The rapid deployment of a new system, structure, or process designed to confer competitive advantage can be significantly frustrated by a welter of natural, unintended resistance. That’s about all there is to it, really. Such partnerships allow the research community to work with those in the humanities to scaffold experiential interactions that allow children to learn about history via navigating a virtual world where they interact with historic artifacts, objects, and characters (Fiore, McDaniel, Greenwood-Ericksen, Scielzo, & Mundy, 2006). He has more than forty years of experience developing programs for businesses and educational institutions. What Is “Dynamic Debriefing”? These situations are probably the ones you’ve been thinking about most as you have been reading this chapter. The rub is that most people don’t like change. The basic framework for the activity also could be used for a discussion on communication by replacing the terms with twelve new ones pertinent to various aspects of the topic: listening, feedback, timely, open, limited, procedures, tasks, participation, leadership, decisions, shared, and informal. Jerry suggests that the group spend some time writing and practicing GURU questions that will help with team building. Zork delivered the type of branching story game that was presented entirely in a text mode. Where do we look? In my experience, the process gets off to the best start and is sustained by welldesigned and well-placed experiential activities. So participants realize from this simple exercise that people may often withhold feedback from each other . (Ed. Thousands of laborers toiled for decades to make it happen; indirectly and directly, the Seaway today supports 75,000 jobs in Canada and 150,000 in the U.S. – 1959, Fifteen women were dismissed from their jobs at the Curtis Publishing Company in Philadelphia for dancing the Turkey Trot. To reduce the amount of time it takes to create this type of activity, you can have one group of participants create a set of questions/answers that will be used with other groups. After this has been accomplished, the facilitator can use the following considerations to help Learning Games 129 select and design training games that are both relevant and effective for the intended learning outcomes: • How relevant is the activity in helping the audience learn skills and concepts that are applicable to the workplace? As the room begins to buzz, Jerry interrupts to say that, before they start brainstorming, he would like the group to debrief the team performance activity that they have just completed. Chekhov, M. (1953). The exercise was framed in terms of current business survival and set out to teach some content about the best practices of global virtual teams. If the switch from “experiencing” to “debriefing” is too sudden and abrupt, there is a risk that the learning will be poorly grounded and detached from the experience. Usually, when we evaluate a product or an idea, we feel we have substantial reasons for doing so. In this chapter, we first describe a set of the core elements of experiential learning, specifically focusing on learning and transfer and the importance of context and environment to this task. “I like it when we can make some cash.” Over the years, the blonde had become rather devious. – 1915, Teacher unionists gather at the City Club on Plymouth Court in Chicago to form a new national union: the American Federation of Teachers – 1916, Start of ultimately successful six-day strike across New England by one of the earliest women-led American unions, the Telephone Operators Department of IBEW – 1919, The first McDonald’s restaurant opens, in Des Plaines, Ill., setting the stage years later for sociologist Amitai Etzioni to coin the term “McJob.” As defined by the Oxford English Dictionary, a McJob is “an unstimulating, low-paid job with few prospects, especially one created by the expansion of the service sector” – 1955, Employers lock out 25,000 New York City garment workers in a dispute over hiring practices. In the GURU process, you ask a series of questions that help the learner analyze the current situation, come to a conclusion, make a plan, and implement the first action step of that plan. B: Thank you. It was the deadliest wildfire involving firefighters in the U.S. in at least 30 years – 2013, Susan B. Anthony goes on trial in Canandaigua, N.Y., for casting her ballot in a federal election the previous November, in violation of existing statutes barring women from the vote – 1873, Mary Harris “Mother” Jones leads a rally in Philadelphia to focus public attention on children mutilated in the state’s textile mills. We must also be equally aware of our own thought processes. I’ve called the goal a simulation of an experience. This might be true if 20 The Handbook of Experiential Learning the only concern were delivering key points and key information to participants. The next step is to meet with a partner and, in two minutes, share the story and the word. Typically in a one-day workshop, participants are challenged to apply the seven-stage model to turn around Global Tech—an ailing high-tech company. Miner Roger Warren confessed that he planted the explosives that caused the deaths. Often, people initiate reflective practice in response to a problem or difficult situation. Values from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. While it is important to eventually up the challenge level to master new approaches and skills, participants tend to be more open to exploring new ones if they don’t feel judged or embarrassed as they “try them on for size.” They also need some time and space to get used to them. We’ve got to help our participants realize that they can learn from each other. Academy of HRD Proceedings, pp. Consequently, the training design needs to take into consideration similar or different preferences in learning styles inherent in functional groups, gender groups, or age groups. Once again, experiential learning proves the most effective and efficient solution. Immediate feedback: To increase the activity of the observers in a fishbowl role play, they can be provided with simple prompts for communicating when they see behaviors they agree are appropriate or believe are inappropriate. John Dewey used the analogy of armies moving and resting; George Kelly wrote about tight and loose construing; Kurt Lewin used the terms freezing and unfreezing; for David Kolb it was convergent and divergent thinking; for Terry Borton it was about switching between analytic and contemplative modes. Get them to “WANT IT.” From the start, people must be honest with themselves and determine whether they want to develop their people skills. The individual taking the interviewee’s role often found it difficult to find specific answers to the interview questions that fit the applications. A defined scenario was developed to help build a simulated “user-friendly” atmosphere and a sense of teamness. One organization using experiential learning to assist in the development of its seven diversity networks is Amgen, a global biotechnology company headquartered 298 The Handbook of Experiential Learning in Thousand Oaks, California. That introduction needs to be followed by practice. Then, participants on each team play each other’s games. Within five weeks all but two of the 39 federation unions had won new contracts – 1947, Fifteen thousand union janitors strike, Los Angeles – 2000, First “Poor People’s March” on Washington, in which jobless workers demanded creation of a public works program. (1902). Any questions?” Given a natural tendency to focus on the two extremes, ensure that attention is also paid to other positions. Obtaining Support Changes don’t last unless they are “lived.” Even if people are pumped up about a change in attitude or behavior, they usually find that, while making some headway, they quickly relapse. You might argue that when it plunges, as in 2002, when it fell 22%, your loss would be zero. He studies groups who are “at their edge,” extreme cases of human behavior in challenging conditions (two of the better known are the 1914 trans-Antarctic expedition led by Sir Ernest Shackleton and the AFR Midnight Rambler, overall winner of the grueling 1998 Sydney-Hobart sailing race). We identified and congratulated the winning team in each category. Make sure to take these things into account. In a training session, “icebreakers” serve to relax the participants, creative a safe and welcoming environment, and set some ground rules of participation. If you keep the whole group together all of the time, it is practical and convenient if everyone moves at the same time at the same pace. Challenge provides both the motivation and the opportunity to develop skills. These days the landscape looks different on both sides. If it gets crowded and more than a couple players are waiting, have them play together. Thus, you can choose the focus of your experiential training with more precision. Leave no stone unturned. The key point is that selfregard is about accepting ourselves, warts and all. We grasp information through Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization. Empower a speaker Entertain 2. Thus, they are continuously striving to counter that bias. At the start of the game, each player receives a secret, random collection of cards, plus one or more slips, each showing one of the valuation rules. Greg Warman is the co-founder of ExperiencePoint. Here are several things to take into consideration when selecting and collecting your junk. In learning (versus, say, performance support) we need to create that task, hence the need for interactive experiences. 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